EUNIS habitat classification 2012 amended 2019 > C - Inland surface waters > C2 - Surface running waters > C2.1 - Springs, spring brooks and geysers > C2.11 - Soft water springs > C2.111 - Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens

Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens

English name: Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens

Description (English)

Springs and springfens are characterized by continuous flow of groundwater. The water is cold, of even temperature, and rich in oxygen and minerals, due to the rapid percolation. Springs may have a basin where the water wells up and an adjacent outflow with typical vegetation. In springfens the water seeps up through the ground and the accumulated peat, enhancing the growth of specialised vegetation. Since the water originates from deeper layers, these springs often have running water during the winter even if the surrounding areas are frozen and snow-covered. The invertebrate fauna is often very specialised to this habitat and the flora rich in northern species. Vascular plants include Cardamine amara, Chrysosplenium spp., Carex appropinquata, C. capillaris, C. paniculata, Epilobium hornemanni, E. davuricum, E. laestadii, E. alsinifolium, Montia fontana, Poa alpigena, P. remota, P. trivialis, Ranunculus lapponicus, R. hyperboreus, Stellaria alsine, S. calycantha, S. nemorum. Bryophytes- Brachythecium rivulare, Bryum weigelii, B. pseudotriquetrum, B. schleicheri, Calliergon giganteum, C. sarmentosum, Philonotis spp., Pohlia wahlenbergii, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium spp., Scapania spp., Warnstorfia exannulata.

Source:
EUNIS habitat classification
Interpretation Manual of the habitats targeted by Resolution No. 4

Quick facts

EUNIS habitat type	code C2.111
Bern Convention	Resolution 4 habitat type (used for designation of Emerald sites)
Relation to	Annex I habitat types (EU Habitats Directive)

Legal status

Mentioned in the following international legal instruments and agreements

Legal text	Annex	More information
Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention)	Revised Annex I of Resolution 4 (1996) of the Bern Convention on endangered natural habitats types using the EUNIS habitat classification (year of revision 2014)	https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc....ckColorLogged=FDC864 Resolution No. 4 (1996) of the Bern Convention lists endangered natural habitats requiring specific conservation measures [and the designation of Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCIs) forming the Emerald network]

Relation to other habitat types mentioned in legal instruments

Legal text	Annex	Name in legal text	Code in legal text	Habitat type relationship	More information
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora - consolidated version 01/01/2007	Annex I: natural habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	7160	Same	http://ec.europa.eu/environm...rective/index_en.htm

Vegetation types

Relation to vegetation types (syntaxa)

Not available

Species mentioned in habitat description

Not available

Other classifications

Classification	Code	Habitat type name	Relationship type
CORINE Land Cover	4.1.1.	Inland marshes	n/a

For relation to plant communities (syntaxa), see Vegetation types

History

Classification	Code	Habitat type name	Relationship type
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410	C2.111	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200308	C2.111	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200202	C2.111	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199910	C2.111	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	same

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