EUNIS habitat classification 2012 amended 2019 > C - Inland surface waters > C2 - Surface running waters > C2.1 - Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Springs, spring brooks and geysers

English name: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Description (English)

Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.

Source: EUNIS habitat classification

Quick facts

EUNIS habitat type	code C2.1
Relation to	Annex I habitat types (EU Habitats Directive)

Legal status

Relation to other habitat types mentioned in legal instruments

Legal text	Annex	Name in legal text	Code in legal text	Habitat type relationship	More information
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora - consolidated version 01/01/2007	Annex I: natural habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation	Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation	3260	Overlap	http://ec.europa.eu/environm...rective/index_en.htm
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora - consolidated version 01/01/2007	Annex I: natural habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	7160	Wider
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora - consolidated version 01/01/2007	Annex I: natural habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation	Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)	7220	Wider

Vegetation types

Relation to vegetation types (syntaxa)

Name	Definition	Other names	Reference
Caricion remotae Kästner 1941	Communities of muddy water-springs in shaded forest habitats of lowland to montane belt of middle and northwestern Europe	Cardaminion Maas 1959; Caricion remotae Kästner 1940; Ranunculo repentis-Impatiention noli-tangere Passarge 1967	Schaminee et al, 2012
Mniobryo-Epilobion hornemannii Nordhagen 1943	Vegetation of cold oligotrophic water-springs of boreal and arctic zones of northern Europe and Greenland	Anthelion julaceae Shimwell 1972; Montio-Epilobion hornemannii Nordhagen 1936; Cardamino nymannii-Saxifragion foliolosae Hadac 1989	Schaminee et al, 2012
Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928	Vegetation of moss-rich calcareous water springs in supramontane and subalpine belts of Europe and Greenland	Arabidion jacquinii Julve 1993; Cochlearion alpinae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1952; Cochlearion pyrenaicae Bardat 2002; Cratoneuro-Saxifragion aizoidis Nordhagen 1936; Endocarpion Br.-Bl. 1948; Palustriellion commutatae Koch 1928 nom. mut. propos.	Schaminee et al, 2012
Koenigio-Microjuncion Sörensen ex Hadac 1971	Vegetation of clayey and sandy-clayey flats around water springs and on shore of lakes of Iceland and Greenland	Koenigio-Microjuncion Sörensen 1942	Schaminee et al, 2012
Adiantion Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934	Fern-rich chasmophytic communities of water-splashed habitats of mild-climate regions of Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East	Adiantion Br.-Bl. 1931; Adiantion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1947; Adiantion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952	Schaminee et al, 2012
Epilobio nutantis-Montion Zechmeister in Zechmeister et Mucina 1994	Vegetation of oligotrophic water-springs in submontane and montane belts of mountains of Western Europe	Epilobio nutantis-Montion Zechmeister 1993	Schaminee et al, 2012
Cratoneuro filicini-Calthion laetae Hadac 1983	Oligotrophic spring communities in shady forest habitats of supramontane and subalpine belts of Western and Eastern Carpathians		Schaminee et al, 2012
Lycopodo europaei-Cratoneurion commutati Hadac 1983	Vegetation of moss-rich calcareous water springs in colline to submontane belts of mountains of Central Europe		Schaminee et al, 2012
Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002	Vegetation of stoloniferous helophytes in muddy water-springs in meso- and oro-mediterranean belts of Western Mediterranean		Schaminee et al, 2012
Swertio perennis-Anisothecion squarrosi Hadac 1983	Vegetation of oligothrophic water-spring communities of Central European mountains	Philonotidion seriatae Hinterlang 1992; Swertio perennis-Dichodontion squarrosi Hadac 1983 nom. mut. propos.	Schaminee et al, 2012
Pinguiculo balcanicae-Cardaminion acris Carni et Matevski 2010	Vegetation of oligotrophic water springs in subalpine zone of Central and Southern Balkan mountain ranges	Heliospermo-Saxifragion stellaris Redžic 2000	Schaminee et al, 2012
Myosotidion stoloniferae Rivas-Mart. et al. 1984	Vegetation of oroiberian and western orocantabric oligotrophic-water spring communities of Iberian Peninsula		Schaminee et al, 2012
Cardamino-Montion Br.-Bl. 1926	Vegetation of cold oligothrophic water-springs in subalpine and alpine belts of mountains of middle and southwestern Europe	Montio-Cardaminion Pawlowski et al. 1928; Montion Maas 1959	Schaminee et al, 2012
Pinguiculion longifoliae Fernandez Casas 1970	Chomophytic relictual Pinguicula-rich communities of shaded habitats of Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East	Coeno-Pinguiculion Deil 1989	Schaminee et al, 2012

Species mentioned in habitat description

Not available

Other classifications

Classification	Code	Habitat type name	Relationship type
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 200112	54.1	Spring mires	same
CORINE Land Cover	4.1.1.	Inland marshes	n/a
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993	E22	Flush and spring: basic	narrower
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993	E21	Flush and spring: acid/neutral	narrower
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993	E23	Flush and spring: bryophyte-dominated spring	narrower
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993	E2	Flush and spring	narrower
Milieux Naturels de Suisse 1998	1.3	Sources et suintements	same
Biotopes of Slovakia 1996	8110000	Prameniská	n/a

For relation to plant communities (syntaxa), see Vegetation types

History

Classification	Code	Habitat type name	Relationship type
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410	C2.1	Springs, spring brooks and geysers	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200308	C2.1	Springs, spring brooks and geysers	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200202	C2.1	Springs, spring brooks and geysers	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199910	C2.1	Springs, spring brooks and geysers	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199811	C2.3	Springs and geysers	same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199712	C2.3	Springs and geysers	same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 199905	54.1	Springs	same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1997	54.1	Springs	same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1996	54.1		same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1993	54.1		same
CORINE Biotopes Classification 1991	54.1		same
CORINE Biotopes Classification 1989	54.1		same

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