EUNIS habitat classification 2012 amended 2019
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C -
Inland surface waters
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C2 -
Surface running waters
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C2.1 -
Springs, spring brooks and geysers
Springs, spring brooks and geysers
English name:
Springs, spring brooks and geysers
Description (English)
Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.
Source: EUNIS habitat classification
Quick facts
| EUNIS habitat type | code C2.1 |
|---|---|
| Relation to | Annex I habitat types (EU Habitats Directive) |
Legal status
Relation to other habitat types mentioned in legal instruments
Vegetation types
Relation to vegetation types (syntaxa)
| Name | Definition | Alternatives | Reftext |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caricion remotae Kästner 1941 | Communities of muddy water-springs in shaded forest habitats of lowland to montane belt of middle and northwestern Europe | Cardaminion Maas 1959; Caricion remotae Kästner 1940; Ranunculo repentis-Impatiention noli-tangere Passarge 1967 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Mniobryo-Epilobion hornemannii Nordhagen 1943 | Vegetation of cold oligotrophic water-springs of boreal and arctic zones of northern Europe and Greenland | Anthelion julaceae Shimwell 1972; Montio-Epilobion hornemannii Nordhagen 1936; Cardamino nymannii-Saxifragion foliolosae Hadac 1989 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928 | Vegetation of moss-rich calcareous water springs in supramontane and subalpine belts of Europe and Greenland | Arabidion jacquinii Julve 1993; Cochlearion alpinae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1952; Cochlearion pyrenaicae Bardat 2002; Cratoneuro-Saxifragion aizoidis Nordhagen 1936; Endocarpion Br.-Bl. 1948; Palustriellion commutatae Koch 1928 nom. mut. propos. | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Koenigio-Microjuncion Sörensen ex Hadac 1971 | Vegetation of clayey and sandy-clayey flats around water springs and on shore of lakes of Iceland and Greenland | Koenigio-Microjuncion Sörensen 1942 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Adiantion Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934 | Fern-rich chasmophytic communities of water-splashed habitats of mild-climate regions of Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East | Adiantion Br.-Bl. 1931; Adiantion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1947; Adiantion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Epilobio nutantis-Montion Zechmeister in Zechmeister et Mucina 1994 | Vegetation of oligotrophic water-springs in submontane and montane belts of mountains of Western Europe | Epilobio nutantis-Montion Zechmeister 1993 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Cratoneuro filicini-Calthion laetae Hadac 1983 | Oligotrophic spring communities in shady forest habitats of supramontane and subalpine belts of Western and Eastern Carpathians | Schaminee et al, 2012 | |
| Lycopodo europaei-Cratoneurion commutati Hadac 1983 | Vegetation of moss-rich calcareous water springs in colline to submontane belts of mountains of Central Europe | Schaminee et al, 2012 | |
| Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002 | Vegetation of stoloniferous helophytes in muddy water-springs in meso- and oro-mediterranean belts of Western Mediterranean | Schaminee et al, 2012 | |
| Swertio perennis-Anisothecion squarrosi Hadac 1983 | Vegetation of oligothrophic water-spring communities of Central European mountains | Philonotidion seriatae Hinterlang 1992; Swertio perennis-Dichodontion squarrosi Hadac 1983 nom. mut. propos. | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Pinguiculo balcanicae-Cardaminion acris Carni et Matevski 2010 | Vegetation of oligotrophic water springs in subalpine zone of Central and Southern Balkan mountain ranges | Heliospermo-Saxifragion stellaris Redžic 2000 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Myosotidion stoloniferae Rivas-Mart. et al. 1984 | Vegetation of oroiberian and western orocantabric oligotrophic-water spring communities of Iberian Peninsula | Schaminee et al, 2012 | |
| Cardamino-Montion Br.-Bl. 1926 | Vegetation of cold oligothrophic water-springs in subalpine and alpine belts of mountains of middle and southwestern Europe | Montio-Cardaminion Pawlowski et al. 1928; Montion Maas 1959 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
| Pinguiculion longifoliae Fernandez Casas 1970 | Chomophytic relictual Pinguicula-rich communities of shaded habitats of Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East | Coeno-Pinguiculion Deil 1989 | Schaminee et al, 2012 |
Species mentioned in habitat description
Not available
Other classifications
| Classification | Code | Habitat type name | Relationship type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palaearctic Habitat Classification 200112 | 54.1 | Spring mires | same |
| CORINE Land Cover | 4.1.1. | Inland marshes | n/a |
| Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 | E22 | Flush and spring: basic | narrower |
| Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 | E21 | Flush and spring: acid/neutral | narrower |
| Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 | E23 | Flush and spring: bryophyte-dominated spring | narrower |
| Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 | E2 | Flush and spring | narrower |
| Milieux Naturels de Suisse 1998 | 1.3 | Sources et suintements | same |
| Biotopes of Slovakia 1996 | 8110000 | Prameniská | n/a |
History
| Classification | Code | Habitat type name | Relationship type |
|---|---|---|---|
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410 | C2.1 | Springs, spring brooks and geysers | same |
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 200308 | C2.1 | Springs, spring brooks and geysers | same |
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 200202 | C2.1 | Springs, spring brooks and geysers | same |
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 199910 | C2.1 | Springs, spring brooks and geysers | same |
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 199811 | C2.3 | Springs and geysers | same |
| EUNIS Habitat Classification 199712 | C2.3 | Springs and geysers | same |
| Palaearctic Habitat Classification 199905 | 54.1 | Springs | same |
| Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1997 | 54.1 | Springs | same |
| Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1996 | 54.1 | same | |
| Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1993 | 54.1 | same | |
| CORINE Biotopes Classification 1991 | 54.1 | same | |
| CORINE Biotopes Classification 1989 | 54.1 | same |
