Ruff - Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Quick facts
Threat status Europe | Least Concern (IUCN) |
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Protected by | EU Birds Directive and 5 other international agreements |
Natura 2000 sites | 1613 are designated for this species |
Breeding habitats |
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Wintering habitats |
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Natura 2000 species code | A151 |
Distribution
Threat and conservation status
Natura 2000 sites
Protected in the following Natura 2000 sites
Protected sites
Please note the site map takes a while to display.Legal status
Mentioned in the following international legal instruments and agreements
Common names and synonyms
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Batalion | Polish | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Brushane | Danish | EC-DGXI.d2, ETC/NC |
Brushane | Swedish | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Chevalier combattant | French | EC-DGXI.d2, ETC/NC |
Combatente | Portuguese | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Combatiente | Spanish | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Combattant varié | French | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Combattente | Italian | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Gugatnis | Latvian | Latvian NRC |
Jespák bojovný | Czech | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Kampfläufer | German | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Kemphaan | Dutch | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Pajzsoscankó | Hungarian | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Ruff | English | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
Suokukko | Finnish | Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. |
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Calidris pugnax | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Other resources
CoL (accepted name) | Catalogue of Life |
EBCC Atlas of breeding birds | European Bird Census Council's Atlas of Breeding Birds |
EURing code:05170 | European bird-ringing |
EoL | Encyclopedia of Life |
Fauna Europaea | Fauna Europaea |
GBIF | Global Biodiversity Information Facility |
ITIS (Valid name) | Interagency Taxonomic Information System |
NCBI search | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
PESI (Accepted) | Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure |
Wikipedia | Wikipedia |
External data
Population distribution from "Birds in Europe" editions 1 and 2
These publications present a thorough and detailed review of the conservation status of European birds. Based on detailed breeding and wintering population data collected in each country, the report provides a review of the population sizes and trends of Species of European Conservation Concern.
Country | Biogeographic region | Min / Max (Units) | Period | Status | Quality | Source | Published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belarus | 2000/2400 (pairs) | 1997-2002 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Belgium | 1200/2600 (individuals) | 1999-2001 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Bulgaria | 0/1 (individuals) | 1997-2001 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Croatia | 1/10 (pairs) | 2002 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Cyprus | 50/500 (individuals) | 1994-2002 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Denmark | 150/150 (pairs) | 2000-2002 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Denmark | 540/540 (pairs) | 1980 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
Estonia | 200/500 (pairs) | 1998 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Finland | 10000/20000 (pairs) | 1998-2002 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Finland | 30000/50000 (pairs) | 1992 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
France | 221/525 (individuals) | 1998-2002 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
France | 0/5 (pairs) | 1998-2001 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Germany | 109/124 (pairs) | 1995-1999 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Germany | 600/760 (pairs) | - | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
Greece | 0/102 (individuals) | 1995-2000 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Hungary | Present/Present (pairs) | 1990-1992 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Ireland | 34/62 (individuals) | 1994-2000 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Italy | 50/200 (individuals) | 2002 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Latvia | 50/200 (pairs) | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Latvia | Boreal | 50/200 (pairs) | - | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 |
Lithuania | 100/200 (pairs) | 1999-2001 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Netherlands | 100/140 (pairs) | 1998-2000 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Netherlands | 470/470 (individuals) | 1999-2001 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Netherlands | Atlantic | 400/800 (pairs) | 1989-1991 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 |
Norway | 10000/20000 (pairs) | 1990-2002 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Poland | 5/50 (pairs) | 1996-2003 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Poland | 150/300 (pairs) | - | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
Portugal | 15/131 (individuals) | 1995-1997 | Wintering | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Russian Federation | 140000/420000 (pairs) | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Russian Federation | 1000000/10000000 (pairs) | 1980-1990 | Breeding | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
Serbia and Montenegro | 300/700 (individuals) | 1990-2002 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Slovenia | Present/Present (individuals) | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Spain | 259/3003 (individuals) | 1990-2001 | Wintering | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Sweden | 40000/50000 (pairs) | 1999-2000 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Turkey | 100/150 (individuals) | 1991-2001 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Ukraine | 100/150 (pairs) | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Ukraine | 0/49 (individuals) | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
Ukraine | 1/5 (pairs) | 1986 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994-01-01 | |
United Kingdom | 3/4 (pairs) | 1996-2000 | Breeding | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 | |
United Kingdom | 700/700 (individuals) | 1989-1994 | Wintering | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004-01-01 |
Population trends from "Birds in Europe" editions 1 and 2
These publications present a thorough and detailed review of the conservation status of European birds. Based on detailed breeding and wintering population data collected in each country, the report provides a review of the population sizes and trends of Species of European Conservation Concern.
Country | Biogeographic region | Period | Status | Trend | Quality | Source | Published |
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Belarus | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Belgium | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Bulgaria | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Croatia | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Increasing but of unknown magnitude | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Cyprus | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Denmark | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing : 80 % | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Denmark | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Small decrease of 20-49% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
Estonia | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 50% to 79% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Finland | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing : 60 % | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Finland | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Large decrease of at least 50% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
France | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Fluctuating between 50% to 79% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
France | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Fluctuating : 80 % | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Germany | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 50% to 79% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Germany | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Small decrease of 20-49% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
Greece | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Fluctuating between 30% to 49% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Hungary | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Ireland | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Italy | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Latvia | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 0% to 19% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Latvia | Boreal | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Large decrease of at least 50% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 |
Lithuania | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 20% to 29% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Netherlands | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing : 78 % | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Netherlands | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Netherlands | Atlantic | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Large decrease of at least 50% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 |
Norway | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Poland | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing : 80 % | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Poland | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Large decrease of at least 50% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
Portugal | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Fluctuating | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Russian Federation | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 20% to 29% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Russian Federation | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Stable, or change of less than 20% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
Serbia and Montenegro | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Fluctuating between 40% to 59% | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Slovenia | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Spain | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Decreasing between 30% to 49% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Sweden | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 0% to 19% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Turkey | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Stable between 0% to 19% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Ukraine | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Decreasing between 20% to 29% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Ukraine | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Decreasing between 50% to 79% | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
Ukraine | 1970-1990 | Breeding | Large decrease of at least 50% | Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question | Birds in Europe 1 (1970-1990) | 1994 | |
United Kingdom | 1990-2000 | Breeding | Unknown | Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 | |
United Kingdom | 1990-2000 | Wintering | Increasing : 6 % | Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available | Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000) | 2004 |