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Kingdom: Animalia > Phylum: Chordata > Class: Aves > Order: Columbiformes > Family: Columbidae > Genus: Columba > Species: Columba livia

Rock Dove - Columba livia Gmelin,1789

Images from the web

Quick facts

Threat status Europe	Least Concern (IUCN)
EU Population status	Secure
Protected by	EU Birds Directive and 2 other international agreements
Natura 2000 sites	85 are designated for this species
Breeding habitats	sparsely vegetated land urban
Natura 2000 species code	A206

Distribution

The distribution map is currently disabled. A new map solution will soon become available. In the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the Other resources panel below.

Threat and EU population status

IUCN Red List status of threatened species

The IUCN Red List threat status assesses the risk of extinction.

World

Least Concern

Europe

Least Concern

EU population status

The status of the population at the EU level was evaluated at the species level; this was based on the reports delivered by Member States under Article 12 of the Birds Directive (see fact sheet below). The EU status assessment can cover several subspecies/subspecific population units. For more information, please consult the species fact sheet and link below.

IUCN Red List Category

Not Evaluated	Near Threatened	Regionally Extinct
Not Applicable	Vulnerable	Extinct in the Wild
Data Deficient	Endangered	Extinct
Least Concern	Critically Endangered

Sources:

Population status categories for bird species under the Birds Directive

Secure

Near Threatened, declining or depleted

Threatened (i.e. vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, regionally extinct)

Unknown or not evaluated

Natura 2000 sites

Protected in the following Natura 2000 sites

Sitecode	Country	Site name	Action
ES0000069	Spain	Embalse de Cornalvo y Sierra Bermeja	Map
ES0000072	Spain	Sierra Grande de Hornachos	Map
ES0000073	Spain	Costa Brava de Mallorca	Map
ES0000074	Spain	Cap de cala Figuera	Map
ES0000081	Spain	Cap Enderrocat - Cap Blanc	Map
ES0000082	Spain	Tagomago	Map
ES0000084	Spain	Ses Salines d'Eivissa i Formentera	Map
ES0000145	Spain	Mondragó	Map
ES0000221	Spain	Sa Dragonera	Map
ES0000222	Spain	La Trapa	Map
ES0000229	Spain	Costa Nord de Ciutadella	Map
ES0000230	Spain	La Vall	Map
ES0000231	Spain	Dels Alocs a Fornells	Map
ES0000232	Spain	La Mola i s'Albufera de Fornells	Map
ES0000233	Spain	D'Addaia a s'Albufera	Map
ES0000234	Spain	S'Albufera des Grau	Map
ES0000334	Spain	Sierras Centrales y Embalse de Alange	Map
ES0000394	Spain	Colonias de Cernícalo Primilla de Saucedilla	Map
ES0000431	Spain	Colonias de Cernícalo Primilla de Jaraiz de la Vera	Map
ES0000433	Spain	Colonias de Cernícalo Primilla de Belvis de Monroy	Map
ES5310023	Spain	Illots de Ponent d'Eivissa	Map
IT1180004	Italy	Greto dello Scrivia	Map
IT2020005	Italy	Lago di Alserio	Map
IT5160012	Italy	Monte Capanne e promontorio dell'Enfola	Map
IT51A0025	Italy	Monte Argentario, Isolotto di Porto Ercole e Argentarola	Map
IT9110008	Italy	Valloni e Steppe Pedegarganiche	Map
IT9110009	Italy	Valloni di Mattinata - Monte Sacro	Map
IT9120007	Italy	Murgia Alta	Map
IT9210020	Italy	Bosco Cupolicchio	Map
IT9210105	Italy	Dolomiti di Pietrapertosa	Map
IT9210142	Italy	Lago Pantano di Pignola	Map
IT9210210	Italy	Monte Vulture	Map
IT9220135	Italy	Gravine di Matera	Map
IT9220144	Italy	Lago S. Giuliano e Timmari	Map
IT9220255	Italy	Valle Basento - Ferrandina Scalo	Map
IT9220260	Italy	Valle Basento Grassano Scalo - Grottole	Map
ITA030023	Italy	Isola di Alicudi	Map
ITA030024	Italy	Isola di Filicudi	Map
ITA030029	Italy	Isola di Salina (Stagno di Lingua)	Map
PTDES0001	Portugal	Ilhas Desertas	Map
PTMAD0001	Portugal	Laurissilva da Madeira	Map
PTMAD0002	Portugal	Maciço Montanhoso Central da Ilha da Madeira	Map
PTMAD0003	Portugal	Ponta de S. Lourenço	Map
PTMAD0005	Portugal	Achadas da Cruz	Map
PTMAD0006	Portugal	Moledos - Madalena do Mar	Map
PTMAD0007	Portugal	Pináculo	Map
PTPOR0001	Portugal	Ilhéus do Porto Santo	Map
PTPOR0002	Portugal	Pico Branco - Porto Santo	Map
PTZPE0041	Portugal	Maciço Montanhoso Oriental da Ilha da Madeira	Map
IT9210120	Italy	La Falconara	Map
IT9150002	Italy	Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca	Map
ITA030027	Italy	Isola di Vulcano	Map
IT9310034	Italy	Isola di Dino	Map
IT3341002	Italy	Aree Carsiche della Venezia Giulia	Map
MT0000024	Malta	Rdumijiet ta' Malta: Ir-Ramla taċ-Ċirkewwa sal-Ponta ta' Bengħisa	Map
ES4240018	Spain	Sierra de Altomira	Map
ITA030028	Italy	Isola di Salina (Monte Fossa delle Felci e dei Porri)	Map
IT5160102	Italy	Elba orientale	Map
IT9110026	Italy	Monte Calvo - Piana di Montenero	Map
IT9110012	Italy	Testa del Gargano	Map
IT9110014	Italy	Monte Saraceno	Map
IT3340006	Italy	Carso Triestino e Goriziano	Map
MT0000019	Malta	L-Inħawi tad-Dwejra u tal-Qawra, inkluż Ħaġret il-Ġeneral	Map
ITA030044	Italy	Arcipelago delle Eolie - area marina e terrestre	Map
IT8050054	Italy	Costiera Amalfitana tra Maiori e il Torrente Bonea	Map
ITA030030	Italy	Isola di Lipari	Map
ES5310113	Spain	La Vall	Map
IT9210150	Italy	Monte Coccovello - Monte Crivo - Monte Crive	Map
CY6000009	Cyprus	PERIOCHI KOSIIS - PALLOUROKAMPOU	Map
IT9210266	Italy	Valle del Tuorno - Bosco Luceto	Map
IT8050056	Italy	Fiume Irno	Map
ES5310116	Spain	Biniatrum	Map
ES5310121	Spain	Binigurdó	Map
ES5310119	Spain	Penyes d'Egipte	Map
ES5310120	Spain	Es Clot des Guix	Map
ES5310127	Spain	Costa Brava de Tramuntana	Map
ES5310128	Spain	Cap Enderrocat i cap Blanc	Map
IT4020027	Italy	Cronovilla	Map
PTMAD0012	Portugal	Caniço de Baixo	Map
PTMAD0011	Portugal	Cabo Girão	Map
PTMAD0010	Portugal	Ribeira Brava	Map
PTMAD0009	Portugal	Paul do Mar – Jardim do Mar	Map
PTZPE0063	Portugal	Ilhas Desertas	Map
PTZPE0064	Portugal	Ponta de S. Lourenço	Map
CY6000001	Cyprus	PERIOCHI MOYTTI TOY ZIOU	Map

Protected sites

Please note the site map takes a while to display.

Legal status

Mentioned in the following international legal instruments and agreements

Legal text	Annex	More information
Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 30 November 2009, on the conservation of wild birds (EU Birds Directive)	Annex II: Species that may be hunted under national legislation in the geographical sea and land area where this Directive applies (Part A), or only in the Member States in respect of which they are indicated (Part B)	http://ec.europa.eu/environm...rective/index_en.htm
Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention)	Annex III: protected fauna species (All species of Birds not included in Appendix II)	http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cul.../bern/default_en.asp
Commission regulation (EU) No 1320/2014, of 1 December 2014, amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (EU regulation of trade of fauna and flora)	Annex A includes: All CITES Appendix I species, except where EU Member States have entered a reservation; Some CITES Appendix II and III species, for which the EU has adopted stricter domestic measures; Some non-CITES species	http://ec.europa.eu/environm...s/legislation_en.htm

Common names and synonyms

Common Name	Language	Reference
Felsentaube	German	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Holub skalní	Czech	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Kalliokyyhky	Finnish	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Klippduva	Swedish	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Klippedue	Norwegian	Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning
Paloma Bravía	Spanish	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Piccione selvatico	Italian	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Pigeon biset	French	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Pombo-das-rochas	Portuguese	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Rock Dove	English	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Rotsduif	Dutch	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.
Szirti galamb	Hungarian	Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J.

Synonym	Author
All species of Birds not included in Appendix II

Other resources

EBCC Atlas of breeding birds	European Bird Census Council's Atlas of Breeding Birds
EURing code:06650	European bird-ringing
EoL	Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea	Fauna Europaea
GBIF	Global Biodiversity Information Facility
ITIS (Valid name)	Interagency Taxonomic Information System
NCBI search	National Center for Biotechnology Information
NOBANIS: Columba livia	European Network on Invasive Alien Species
PESI (Accepted)	Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure
Wikipedia	Wikipedia

External data

Population distribution from "Birds in Europe" editions 1 and 2

These publications present a thorough and detailed review of the conservation status of European birds. Based on detailed breeding and wintering population data collected in each country, the report provides a review of the population sizes and trends of Species of European Conservation Concern.

51 items found, displaying all items.1

Country	Min / Max (Units)	Period	Status	Quality	Source	Published
Albania	1000/3000 (pairs)	2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Andorra	50/249 (pairs)	2001	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Armenia	800/3500 (pairs)	1997-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Austria	100000/150000 (pairs)	1998-2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Azerbaijan	250000/500000 (pairs)	1996-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Azerbaijan	200000/500000 (individuals)	1996-2002	Wintering	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Belarus	1200000/1500000 (pairs)	1997-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Belgium	Present/Present (pairs)	2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2500/10000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Bulgaria	400/800 (pairs)	1996-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Croatia	1000/5000 (pairs)	2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Croatia	1000/5000 (individuals)	2002	Wintering	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Cyprus	2500/10000 (pairs)	1994-2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Czech Republic	500000/1000000 (pairs)	2000	Breeding	Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Denmark	Present/Present (pairs)	2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Estonia	200000/500000 (individuals)	1998	Wintering	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Estonia	100000/150000 (pairs)	1998	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Finland	20000/40000 (pairs)	1998-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
France	800/2000 (pairs)	1998-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Georgia	Present/Present (pairs)	2003	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Germany	200000/330000 (pairs)	1995-1999	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Greece	10000/30000 (pairs)	1995-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Greece	20000/70000 (individuals)	1995-2000	Wintering	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Hungary	400000/500000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Iceland	50/249 (pairs)	2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Iceland	250/999 (individuals)	2003	Wintering	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Ireland	1000/2499 (pairs)	1988-1991	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Italy	3000/7000 (pairs)	2003	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Latvia	100000/200000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Liechtenstein	50/100 (pairs)	1998-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Lithuania	500000/700000 (pairs)	1999-2001	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Luxembourg	5000/10000 (pairs)	2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Macedonia (FYR)	150/250 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Malta	1000/2500 (pairs)	1990-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Moldova, Republic of	12000/15000 (individuals)	1990-2000	Wintering	Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Moldova, Republic of	6000/8000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Netherlands	50000/200000 (pairs)	1998-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Norway	15000/30000 (pairs)	1990-2003	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Poland	100000/249999 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Portugal	100/1000 (pairs)	2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Romania	400000/600000 (pairs)	1998-2002	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Russian Federation	2500000/5000000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Serbia and Montenegro	1500/2500 (pairs)	1990-2002	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Slovakia	Present/Present (pairs)	1990-1999	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Slovenia	100/200 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Spain	2000000/2280000 (pairs)	1992	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Sweden	30000/50000 (pairs)	1999-2000	Breeding	Species generally well known, but only poor or incomplete quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Switzerland	20000/40000 (pairs)	1993-1996	Breeding	Species poorly known, with no quantitative data available	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Turkey	400000/800000 (pairs)	2001	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
Ukraine	300000/500000 (pairs)	1990-2000	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01
United Kingdom	100000/249999 (pairs)	1988-1991	Breeding	Reliable quantitative data (e.g. atlas survey or monitoring data, etc.) are available for the whole period and region in question	Birds in Europe 2 (1990-2000)	2004-01-01

Source: BirdLife International

Population trends from "Birds in Europe" editions 1 and 2