Subalpine Pinus mugo scrub

Conifer scrub dominated by Pinus mugo (krummholz) occurring in the mountains of central and southeastern Europe above the timberline. This scrub is usually 0.5-3 m tall, depending on the wind exposure of the site and the height of winter snow cover. It occurs on Podzols or Leptosols over both calcareous and siliceous bedrock. On calcareous substrates Pinus mugo can be accompanied by Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus or Sorbus chamaemespilus, in wetter places by Alnus viridis. Species composition of the herb and moss layer depends on the bedrock type and adjacent vegetation. Herb layer tends to be more species-rich on calcareous substrates. Dwarf shrubs such as Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea and lichens of the genera Cladonia and Cetraria are common especially on acidic bedrock. Bryophytes such as Pleurozium schreberi often reach a high cover. This scrub occurs in the Hercynic mountains of central Europe, Eastern Alps, Carpathians, Central Apennines, Dinaric Alps and high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. These areas represent its entire geographical range globally. Near the northern limit of its range in the Hercynic mountains, the belt with Pinus mugo scrub occurs at altitudes of 1200-1450 m, while it ascends up to 2500 m in the Balkans. In the Alps Pinus mugo scrub occurs mainly in the oceanic north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the mountain range, while it is rare in the Central Alps. On talus slopes Pinus mugo scrub can occur also below the timberline. Pinus mugo scrub on peatlands does not belong to this habitat type. Under natural conditions, Pinus mugo scrub can be both tall and dense or short and open. It can be both species-rich and very species-poor. None of these characteristics indicates habitat quality.

The following characteristics can be considered as indicators of good quality:

• No visible disturbance by trampling, skiing, cutting or burning;

• Absence of ruderal, nutrient-demanding species;

• No indication of scrub origin through planting, especially in places where it is not native.

Synthesis of Red List assessment

Confidence in the assessment

Pressures and threats